Sunday, April 30, 2023
Latin
The Latin Alphabet & the Latin Language
Listen:
The 26 letters of the modern Latin alphabet
Introduction
The Latin alphabet (also called the Roman alphabet) is the most widely used writing system in the world today. It is used natively by over 4.9 billion people and as a second script by billions more.
It began around 700 BCE as a local adaptation of the Western Greek alphabet used by the Etruscans. The Romans refined it over centuries, and through conquest, Christianity, colonialism, and globalization, it became the dominant script on every inhabited continent.
Origin of the Latin Alphabet
The Romans adopted their alphabet from the Etruscans, who used a Western Greek variant brought by colonists from Euboea (Chalcis and Cumae) around 800–750 BCE.
The earliest known Latin inscription is the Duenos inscription (c. 6th century BCE) on three joined terracotta vessels found on the Quirinal Hill in Rome in 1880.
The Duenos inscription (c. 580–570 BCE) – one of the oldest known Latin texts
The original Latin alphabet had 21 letters: A B C D E F Z H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X
G was invented around 230 BCE; Y and Z were added later for Greek loanwords. J, U, and W appeared only in the Middle Ages.
The Latin Language in Antiquity
Latin began as the language of Latium, a small region around Rome. After Rome unified Italy, Latin replaced Oscan, Umbrian, Etruscan, and other local languages.
Latium – the original homeland of the Latin language
By the 1st century CE, Latin was the language of an empire stretching from Britain to Syria. Two registers coexisted:
- Classical Latin – formal, literary (Cicero, Virgil, Caesar)
- Vulgar Latin – everyday spoken language of soldiers, merchants, and farmers
Vulgar Latin and the Birth of Romance Languages
Vulgar Latin – the everyday spoken form of Latin used by ordinary people – gradually evolved into the modern Romance languages between the 5th and 9th centuries CE.
Geographic distribution of the Romance languages in Europe and beyond
Major Romance languages today include Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, Occitan, Romansh, Sardinian, Galician and dozens of regional varieties.
Every modern Romance language descends directly from the spoken Latin of ordinary Romans — not from the literary language of Cicero.
Global Spread of the Latin Alphabet
Today the Latin alphabet is used by more than 70% of the world’s population. Key moments:
- Middle Ages → adopted for Germanic, Celtic, and most Slavic languages
- Age of Exploration → carried to the Americas, Africa, Oceania
- 19th–20th centuries → Turkey (1928), Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Central Asia
- Soviet period → briefly used for Turkic and Caucasian languages before Cyrillic
Today it is the standard script for English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Dutch, Polish, Turkish, Swahili, Vietnamese, Malay/Indonesian, Tagalog, and thousands of smaller languages.
Hear Classical Latin (Restored Pronunciation)
Listen to the famous opening of Virgil’s Aeneid read in restored classical pronunciation:
Ītaliam fātō profugus Lāvīniaque vēnit
lītora, multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō
vī superum, saevae memorem Iūnōnis ob īram…
/ˈar.ma wiˈrum.kʷe ˈka.noː …/
“Of arms and the man I sing, who first from the shores of Troy…”
Sample Text: The Lord’s Prayer in Latin
sanctificetur nomen tuum.
Adveniat regnum tuum.
Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo et in terra.
Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie,
et dimitte nobis debita nostra,
sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris.
Et ne nos inducas in tentationem,
sed libera nos a malo. Amen.
Our Father, who art in heaven… (the best-known Christian prayer in Latin)
Saturday, April 15, 2023
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